Caquinte surnames
Caquintes traditionally lacked surnames. Each individual exhibited at least one, and in some cases multiple, given names. The latter often derive from flora and fauna terms, descriptions of physical characteristics of the named person, or natural phenomena; sometimes the term in question is slightly altered for the name, especially through palatalization, e.g., tsonkamaro 'red dawn', but Chonkamaro, a female name. Today (and in general since the mid-1970s and early 1980s), however, all Caquintes carry paternal and maternal surnames, per Hispanic tradition. As of the present date I have encountered 15 such surnames across the entire Caquinte population, and in this post I want to briefly explore the various ways in which those surnames map onto consanguineal kin relations. Genealogical investigations are ongoing, and the exact mappings below are subject to change, but I want to emphasize how important surname investigation can be in developing hypotheses about consanguineal relations, although they should never be treated as confirmation of consanguineal relations. One goal of mine in this work is, in addition, to arrive at an approximation of how many unrelatable ancestors ("terminals") the current Caquinte population is descendant from, in order to better understand the population bottleneck that Caquintes seem to have experience in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, long before regular contact with non-Asháninka or non-Yine outsiders. At present that number is only 16, and it is likely to dwindle as I carry out further genealogical investigations with elderly Caquintes in other communities.
Since their adoption, Caquinte surnames have been inherited in the vast majority of cases according to Hispanic tradition: each individual carries a paternal (patronyn) and maternal (matronym) surname, and a child adopts the patronyms of his/her father and mother as his/her own patronym and matronym, respectively. The result is that male surnames persist across generations, but female surnames die out after one generation. In some instances, surnames were not fully adopted according to Hispanic tradition, probably due to lack of communication between consanguineal relations during the process of surname adoption. So, for example, occasionally full siblings have different matronyms -- or (less frequently), different patronyms -- from each other. In general, however, any given surname is traceable back to a common ancestor, of or beyond whom no further genealogical information is known, with a few different sorts of patterns. This information is summarized in the following list, followed by a discussion of notable patterns. (Parents are listed as '[father] + [mother]'; '(m.)' and '(f.)' denote 'male' and 'female', respectively. Given names in Caquinte are used for identification.)
1) Aguilar: patronym of descendants of †Chonkona + [unknown]; patronym of descendants of †Shintyoi + †Tsantsanaki
2) Arévalo: matronym of children of †Aakeni + †Hananero
3) Figueroa: patronym of descendants of †Yoonpiri (aka †Tsoonpirontsi); matronym of children of †Ohori + †Chionpini
4) Jívico: patronym of descendants of †Tyoopiki, patronym of descendants of †Parivanti
5) Pérez: matronym of Carlos Salazar Pérez (n.b., not well understood)
6) Ríos: patronym descendants of †Ohori + †Matinkori; matronym of descendants of †Koshanti + †Yoreni, †Koshanti + †Yantora
7) Salazar: patronym of descendants of †Aakeni (m.)
8) Sanzón: patronym of descendants of †Kankaananti (m.)
9) Sergio: patronym of descendants of †Manavirontsi (m.); matronym of descendants of †Anpeimanpo (f.)
10) Shichanti: matronym of Amador Taataquini
11) Simeón: patronym of descendants of Ishai (aka Teanteani, Chokitsi)
12) Simón: patronym of descendants of †Kirahatsoonakiri + †Inkarena
13) Taataquini: patronym of descendants of Amador Taataquini; patronym of descendants of Remijio Taataquini
14) Torres: patronym of sons of †Taatakini + †Aanpini (with exception of one branch)
First, all surnames are borrowed from Spanish, except (as far as I am aware) Jívico, Shichanti, and Taataquini.
Second, a number of consanguineal relations can be proposed given certain shared patronyms: the distribution of Aguilar suggests that Chonkona and Shintyoi were (real or classificatory) brothers; the distribution of Figueroa suggests that Yoonpiri and Chionpi were (ibid.) siblings, made more probable by the fact that children of Chionpi treated as Yoonpiri as koonkini 'maternal uncle, father-in-law'; the distribution of Jívico suggests that Tyoopiki and Parivani were (ibid.) brothers; the distribution of Sergio suggests that Manavirontsi and Anpeimanpo may have been (ibid.) siblings.
Third, many surnames associate uniquely with ancestors with no known relatives (presumably the ultimate goal in the adoption of Hispanic surnames). Thus Arévalo associates with Hananero (f.); Salazar with Aakeni (m.); and Simón with Kirahatsoonakiri.
Fourth, most surnames -- Aguilar, Arévalo, Figueroa, Jívico, Salazar, Sanzón, Sergio, Simeón, and Simón -- show no variation on the Hispanic tradition of inheritance. That is, all the children of a particular male have inherited that male's patronym as their patronym, or all children of a particular female have inherited that female's patronym as their matronym. In one instance, however, patronyms vary based on differences in mother. This holds for Ríos: the patronym of the children of Ohori with two of his wives is Torres; but the patronym of the children of Ohori with a third wife, Matinkori, is Ríos. (N.b., the presence of Ríos as a matronym in children of Koshanti is not understood.) Similarly, in another instance, patronyms vary based on whether they associate with male or female children of the same two parents: thus Taatakini's sons with Aanpini carry the surname Torres (e.g., Ohori, Koshanti); but Taatakini's daughters with Aanpini carry the surname Vega (e.g., Viicho, Paakicha, Korinto). At present it is not known what surname Taatakini's son with his second wife Kaatsini carried.
Fifth, some patronyms differ between siblings. Thus Ishai and his descendants carry the surname Simeón, but Ishai's "brother" Kankaananti and his descendants carry the surname Sanzón. This may mean that Ishai and Kankaananti are not actually full brothers, but rather classificatory brothers (i.e., parallel first cousins) through their mothers.
Some surnames are relatively unique in Caquinte genealogies. Shichanti, for example, is the matronym of Amador Taataquini Shichanti, and it is not known to be a surname of any other Caquinte. This correlates with the fact that Amador adopted surnames relatively late compared to other Caquintes. Taataquini -- a Hispanicization of Taatakini, a famed Caquinte warrior and a common ancestor to the majority of living Caquintes -- was adopted by Amador as his surname, Taatakini being his paternal grandfather. However, Taatakini was also given as a surname to Remijio Taataquini -- a young man who also adopted surnames late -- since he was not aware of the surnames of his parents at the time, even though they were (and are) still living. Lastly, some individuals who once carried a certain surname have changed it: e.g., K. Swift reports that some individuals whose patronym was formerly Jívico now carry the patronym Díaz (not listed above).
Since their adoption, Caquinte surnames have been inherited in the vast majority of cases according to Hispanic tradition: each individual carries a paternal (patronyn) and maternal (matronym) surname, and a child adopts the patronyms of his/her father and mother as his/her own patronym and matronym, respectively. The result is that male surnames persist across generations, but female surnames die out after one generation. In some instances, surnames were not fully adopted according to Hispanic tradition, probably due to lack of communication between consanguineal relations during the process of surname adoption. So, for example, occasionally full siblings have different matronyms -- or (less frequently), different patronyms -- from each other. In general, however, any given surname is traceable back to a common ancestor, of or beyond whom no further genealogical information is known, with a few different sorts of patterns. This information is summarized in the following list, followed by a discussion of notable patterns. (Parents are listed as '[father] + [mother]'; '(m.)' and '(f.)' denote 'male' and 'female', respectively. Given names in Caquinte are used for identification.)
1) Aguilar: patronym of descendants of †Chonkona + [unknown]; patronym of descendants of †Shintyoi + †Tsantsanaki
2) Arévalo: matronym of children of †Aakeni + †Hananero
3) Figueroa: patronym of descendants of †Yoonpiri (aka †Tsoonpirontsi); matronym of children of †Ohori + †Chionpini
4) Jívico: patronym of descendants of †Tyoopiki, patronym of descendants of †Parivanti
5) Pérez: matronym of Carlos Salazar Pérez (n.b., not well understood)
6) Ríos: patronym descendants of †Ohori + †Matinkori; matronym of descendants of †Koshanti + †Yoreni, †Koshanti + †Yantora
7) Salazar: patronym of descendants of †Aakeni (m.)
8) Sanzón: patronym of descendants of †Kankaananti (m.)
9) Sergio: patronym of descendants of †Manavirontsi (m.); matronym of descendants of †Anpeimanpo (f.)
10) Shichanti: matronym of Amador Taataquini
11) Simeón: patronym of descendants of Ishai (aka Teanteani, Chokitsi)
12) Simón: patronym of descendants of †Kirahatsoonakiri + †Inkarena
13) Taataquini: patronym of descendants of Amador Taataquini; patronym of descendants of Remijio Taataquini
14) Torres: patronym of sons of †Taatakini + †Aanpini (with exception of one branch)
15) Vega: patronym of daughters of †Taatakini + †Aanpini
First, all surnames are borrowed from Spanish, except (as far as I am aware) Jívico, Shichanti, and Taataquini.
Second, a number of consanguineal relations can be proposed given certain shared patronyms: the distribution of Aguilar suggests that Chonkona and Shintyoi were (real or classificatory) brothers; the distribution of Figueroa suggests that Yoonpiri and Chionpi were (ibid.) siblings, made more probable by the fact that children of Chionpi treated as Yoonpiri as koonkini 'maternal uncle, father-in-law'; the distribution of Jívico suggests that Tyoopiki and Parivani were (ibid.) brothers; the distribution of Sergio suggests that Manavirontsi and Anpeimanpo may have been (ibid.) siblings.
Third, many surnames associate uniquely with ancestors with no known relatives (presumably the ultimate goal in the adoption of Hispanic surnames). Thus Arévalo associates with Hananero (f.); Salazar with Aakeni (m.); and Simón with Kirahatsoonakiri.
Fourth, most surnames -- Aguilar, Arévalo, Figueroa, Jívico, Salazar, Sanzón, Sergio, Simeón, and Simón -- show no variation on the Hispanic tradition of inheritance. That is, all the children of a particular male have inherited that male's patronym as their patronym, or all children of a particular female have inherited that female's patronym as their matronym. In one instance, however, patronyms vary based on differences in mother. This holds for Ríos: the patronym of the children of Ohori with two of his wives is Torres; but the patronym of the children of Ohori with a third wife, Matinkori, is Ríos. (N.b., the presence of Ríos as a matronym in children of Koshanti is not understood.) Similarly, in another instance, patronyms vary based on whether they associate with male or female children of the same two parents: thus Taatakini's sons with Aanpini carry the surname Torres (e.g., Ohori, Koshanti); but Taatakini's daughters with Aanpini carry the surname Vega (e.g., Viicho, Paakicha, Korinto). At present it is not known what surname Taatakini's son with his second wife Kaatsini carried.
Fifth, some patronyms differ between siblings. Thus Ishai and his descendants carry the surname Simeón, but Ishai's "brother" Kankaananti and his descendants carry the surname Sanzón. This may mean that Ishai and Kankaananti are not actually full brothers, but rather classificatory brothers (i.e., parallel first cousins) through their mothers.
Some surnames are relatively unique in Caquinte genealogies. Shichanti, for example, is the matronym of Amador Taataquini Shichanti, and it is not known to be a surname of any other Caquinte. This correlates with the fact that Amador adopted surnames relatively late compared to other Caquintes. Taataquini -- a Hispanicization of Taatakini, a famed Caquinte warrior and a common ancestor to the majority of living Caquintes -- was adopted by Amador as his surname, Taatakini being his paternal grandfather. However, Taatakini was also given as a surname to Remijio Taataquini -- a young man who also adopted surnames late -- since he was not aware of the surnames of his parents at the time, even though they were (and are) still living. Lastly, some individuals who once carried a certain surname have changed it: e.g., K. Swift reports that some individuals whose patronym was formerly Jívico now carry the patronym Díaz (not listed above).
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